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Nicoteba betonica

(L.) Lindau (1893)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Asterids Order: Lamiales Family: Acanthaceae Genus: Nicoteba

squirrel’s-tail, white shrimp plant

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Coarse perennial herbs 0.5–2.5 m tall.

Stems: Tinged purple, glabrous to puberulent in lines on the upper stem.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Opposite and decussate (pairs of leaves alternating 90 degrees between nodes). Blades broadly ovate to elliptic, 9–22 cm long, 3.5–12 cm wide. Surfaces green; lower surfaces slightly paler, sparsely strigillose along the margins and veins. Margins entire. Petioles 0.5–4 cm long. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers in axillary and terminal spikes. each inflorescence subtended by 3 white bracts with conspicuous green veins, the large outer bract ovate, ca. 15 mm long, 10 mm wide, the inner 2 about as long, ca. 5 mm wide. Flowers bisexual (perfect). Calyx green, 5-lobed, the lobes narrowly lanceolate, ca. 5 mm long. Corolla tubular, pale lavender with a white spot outlined with purple on the lower lip, tubular, 14–17 mm long, distinctly 2-lipped, the lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 2, often unequal, inserted on the corolla alternate with the lobes, sometimes 1 or more reduced to staminodes; anthers dithecal, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 2-carpellate; ovule placentation axile; style filiform, simple.

Fruit: Capsules with two cells; usually dehiscing explosively; clavate; somewhat compressed parallel to the line of dehiscence; 2–lobed by protrusion of the seeds; 1.3–2 cm long; puberulent. Seeds 4; On small hooked stalks (modified funiculus) that ejects the seeds from the capsule; embryos usually large; endosperm absent.

Ploidy: 2n = 28; 34

Habitat:

Elevation Range:

Historical Distribution

Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Naturalized

Island Status

Kaua'i Naturalized
O'ahu Naturalized
Molokai Naturalized
Lana'i Naturalized
Maui Naturalized
Hawai'i Naturalized

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Notes

  • Description digitized by Pumehana Imada
  • Often cultivated; in Hawai‘i often escaping and forming large stands. This plant is potentially a serious weed (Neal, 1965; Degener & Degener, 1962a).

Bibliography

Name Published In: Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 18: 56 (1893)

Other References

Wagner, W. L., Herbst, D. R., & Sohmer, S. H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i, Vols. 1 and 2 (No. Edn 2). University of Hawai'i and Bishop Museum Press.

Wagner et al. 1990:172 (K, O, Mo, L, M, H); Staples & Herbst 2005:81, 87 (KEY), 87 (DESCR)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Scientific Name Authorship Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau hawaii national park. park cottage 1 on hard substratum. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN fagerlund, g.o. mitchell, a.l. collector number: 475 Kauai BISH 3/19/1943
2 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau koloa, lawai, end of hailima road roadside, weedy second growth forest; Eucalyptus, ironwood PRESERVED_SPECIMEN trauernicht, c. clark, m. collector number: 188 Kauai BISH 10/10/2007
3 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Growing in abandoned garden mauka of road next to Limahuli Stream Next to a stream. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Corn, C. s.n. Kauai BISH 6/16/1978
4 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Growing in abandoned garden mauka of road next to Limahuli Stream Next to a stream. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Corn, C. Collector Number: s.n. Kauai BISH 6/16/1978
5 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Along Kalanianiole Hwy, 100 yds E of Kamokona Rd Found along with Psidium, Macaranga, Ipomoea and Mucuna. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Ishikawa, S. 206 Hawaii BISH 1/11/1973
6 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau maui county, near honolua bay, n of w maui mts, near mi marker 35 PRESERVED_SPECIMEN c. mckinnon, k. thorne & j. thorne 503 Oahu BISH 8/4/1993
7 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Lyon Arboretum, Honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Lee, R. 25 Oahu BISH 12/9/1957
8 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau honolulu: makiki; 2266 tantalus drive Roadside weed. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN teraoka, w. collector number: 43 Oahu BISH 6/22/1979
9 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau puuwaawaa. near transect t21 Common along access track. In Pennisetum rangeland with scattered dryland relicts. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN takeuchi, w.n. collector number: 5705 Hawaii BISH 12/26/1989
10 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Lawai. Hailima Road Common. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Flynn, T. 732 Kauai BISH 1/5/1984
11 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau jct. of hwy 11 and road to pahala PRESERVED_SPECIMEN wagner, w.l. mill, s.w.; peterson, b.; peterson, g.; mayer, s. collector number: 5229 Hawaii BISH 1/16/1984
12 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau growing in abandoned garden mauka of road next to limahuli stream Next to a stream. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN corn, c. collector number: s.n. Kauai BISH 6/16/1978
13 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Koloa, Lawai, end of Hailima road roadside, weedy second growth forest; Eucalyptus, ironwood PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Trauernicht, C. 188 Kauai BISH 10/10/2007
14 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau university of hawaii campus, honolulu. bachman hall Growing in full sun. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN lau, j. collector number: 1190 Oahu BISH 7/7/1985
15 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau lyon arboretum, honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN lee, r. collector number: 25 Oahu BISH 12/9/1957
16 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau along kalanianiole hwy, 100 yds e of kamokona rd Found along with Psidium, Macaranga, Ipomoea and Mucuna. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN ishikawa, s. collector number: 206 Hawaii BISH 1/11/1973
17 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Koloa, Lawai, end of Hailima road roadside, weedy second growth forest; Eucalyptus, ironwood PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Trauernicht, C. Clark, M. Collector Number: 188 Kauai BISH 10/10/2007
18 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Near Hukilau Loop, Waialua Common weed. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Afualo, D. 42 Oahu BISH 3/8/1975
19 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau honolulu: young st. & punahou PRESERVED_SPECIMEN aiona, i. collector number: s.n. Oahu BISH 7/26/1941
20 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau near hukilau loop, waialua Common weed. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN afualo, d. collector number: 42 Oahu BISH 3/8/1975
21 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau honolulu, makiki In garden. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN fosberg, f.r. collector number: 27074 Oahu BISH 9/21/1946
22 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau 42 coelho way, honolulu rockpile; Myoporum-Chamaesyce dominant PRESERVED_SPECIMEN neal, m.c. collector number: s.n. Hawaii BISH 6/1/1943
23 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau lawai. hailima road Plant found in the Metrosideros forests and is common within the reserve. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN flynn, t. collector number: 732 Hawaii BISH 1/5/1984
24 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Hanalei District, land of Kilauea, Kilauea Town PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D.R. 5693 Kauai BISH 2/26/1976
25 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Haiku Gardens, Kaneohe Abundant. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Higuchi, G.T. 69 Oahu BISH 5/8/1971
26 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau nene road, beyond airport, near coast e of hilo wet place in weeds PRESERVED_SPECIMEN fosberg, f.r. collector number: 55661 Kauai BISH 3/14/1975
27 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau koele Dangerous weed straying along roadside from garden. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. collector number: 28556 Lanai BISH 8/15/1963
28 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Honolulu: Young St. & Punahou PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Aiona, I. s.n. Oahu BISH 7/26/1941
29 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau growing in abandoned garden mauka of road next to limahuli stream PRESERVED_SPECIMEN corn, c. collector number: s.n. Oahu BISH 6/16/1978
30 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau oahu, honolulu, 1939 kakela street introduced ornamental PRESERVED_SPECIMEN palmer, r. 814 CM 2/27/1996
31 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau 1 mile past richardson's PRESERVED_SPECIMEN doe, f. 68 LSU 5/9/1976
32 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau kane'ohe. koolau range. senator fong's plantation & gardens, 47-285 pulama road. Possible host plants of Ptycta spp. (Bark lice). Tree 4 meter; corolla yellow - green, fruits green, glands visible. Odor of licorice when plant is crushed. Rather leafless individual, flowers and fruits cauliflorus. In conjunction with Emilie Bess Ph.D. thesis research, University of Illinois. 22?Á 8' 8" N; 159?Á 36' 55" W. 1011 meter elevation. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN c. r. annable 3046 ILLS 9/25/1996
33 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau National Tropical Botanical Garden, McBride Gardens. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Karen M. Meyer|Andrew Townesmith Meyer 350 Missouri Botanical Garden 5/9/2008
34 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau national tropical botanical garden, mcbride gardens. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN karen m. meyer|andrew townesmith meyer 350 MO 5/9/2008
35 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau wailua houselots, haleilio road, on side of nounou road. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN n. tangalin 1328 NY 5/31/2007
36 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Koolau Range, Senator Fong's Plantation & Gardens, 47-285 Pulama Rd (Private land holding) Lowland mesic forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN C. R. Annable 3046 NY 9/25/1996
37 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau koolau range, senator fong's plantation & gardens, 47-285 pulama rd (private land holding) Cultivated in lowland Metrosideros forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN c. r. annable 3046 NY 9/25/1996
38 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Lawai, Lauoho Road. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Tim Flynn 1581 Kauai PTBG 3/3/1986
39 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Lihue, on Ahukini Rd, west of the Umi street interesection. Growing in a cultivated Bougainvillea hedge in full sun, and spreading through adjacent field. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Kelsey Brock 940 Kauai PTBG 12/1/2016
40 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Wailua Houselots, Haleilio Rd., on side of Nounou Rd. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Natalia Tangalin 1328 Kauai PTBG 5/31/2007
41 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau U. H. Campus, Bachman Hall. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Joel Lau 1190 Oahu PTBG 7/7/1985
42 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Lawai. Roadside. Collected on roadside in a small patch of lowland forest of Eucalyptus and ironwood trees at the end of Hailima road. Weedy second growth forest. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Clay Trauernicht 188 Kauai PTBG 10/10/2007
43 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau In Nawilwili, on the south side of Mokoi street. Growing as dense dominant understory of mostly alien forest on the slopes of valley. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Kelsey Brock 732 Kauai PTBG 9/30/2015
44 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Along Kahelili Hwy, above Waihe'e Point. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN W. L. Wagner 5811 Maui PTBG 3/4/1988
45 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Kalaheo. Puu Road. Ruderal/secondary vegetation PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Tim Flynn 7148 Kauai PTBG 11/8/2004
46 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Honolua. Along the road, be tween Mokuleia Bay and Kahauiki Gulch. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H70009 Maui PTBG 7/1/2000
47 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau U.H. Campus, Bachman Hall PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Lau, J. 1190 Oahu US 7/7/1985
48 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau w maui, wailuku district, along kahekili hwy, above waihe'e point PRESERVED_SPECIMEN w. l. wagner, c. imada & w. n. takeuchi 5811 Maui US 3/4/1988
49 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau kalawai pk. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Kauai US 1/22/2005
50 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau koele PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener & i. degener 28556 Lanai US 8/15/1963
51 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Kane'ohe. Koolau Range. Senator Fong's Plantation & Gardens, 47-285 Pulama Road. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN C. R. Annable 3046 Oahu US 9/25/1996
52 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Kauai County, entrance to Pacific Tropical Botanic Gardens, off route 530, near Lawai PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Harriman, N. A. 16438 Kauai US 12/28/1979
53 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau kalaheo PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Kauai US
54 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau along kalanianiole highway, 100 yards east of kamokona road PRESERVED_SPECIMEN s. s. ishikawa 206 Hawaii US 1/11/1973
55 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau makiki, honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN f. r. fosberg 27074 Kauai US 9/22/1946
56 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau nene road, beyond airport, near coast east of hilo PRESERVED_SPECIMEN f. r. fosberg 55661 Hawaii US 3/14/1975
57 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau hanalei district, kilauea town, land of kilauea PRESERVED_SPECIMEN d. r. herbst & s. ishikawa 5693 Kauai US 2/26/1976
58 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau along Kalanianiole Highway, 100 yards east of Kamokona Road PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Ishikawa, S. S. 206 Hawaii US 1/11/1973
59 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau 2266 Tantalus Drive PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Teraoka, W. 43 Oahu US 6/22/1979
60 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Maui County, near Honolua Bay, N of W Maui Mts, near mi marker 35 PRESERVED_SPECIMEN McKinnon, C. Z.; Thorne, K. H.; Thorne, J. 503 Maui US 8/4/1993
61 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Koele PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O.; Degener, I. 28556 Lanai US 8/15/1963
62 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Nene Road, beyond airport, near coast east of Hilo PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Fosberg, F. R. 55661 Hawaii US 3/14/1975
63 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Kane'ohe. Koolau Range. Senator Fong's Plantation & Gardens, 47-285 Pulama Road. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Annable, C. R. 3046 Oahu US 9/25/1996
64 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau u.h. campus, bachman hall PRESERVED_SPECIMEN j. lau 1190 Oahu US 7/7/1985
65 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau kauai county, entrance to pacific tropical botanic gardens, off route 530, near lawai PRESERVED_SPECIMEN n. a. harriman 16438 Oahu US 12/28/1979
66 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau puuwaawaa, near transect t21 PRESERVED_SPECIMEN w. n. takeuchi 5705 Hawaii US 12/26/1989
67 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau kananui, near town of maalehu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN d. r. herbst & g. spence 5752 Molokai US 3/11/1976
68 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau lyon arboretum, honolulu. makai of cottage a, near border of paradise park porperty PRESERVED_SPECIMEN baker, r.f. collector number: 98 Kauai US 4/26/1975
69 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Hanalei District, Kilauea Town, Land of Kilauea PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D. R.; Ishikawa, S. 5693 Kauai US 2/26/1976
70 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Kananui, near town of Maalehu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D. R.; Spence, G. 5752 Molokai US 3/11/1976
71 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Puuwaawaa, near transect T21 PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Takeuchi, W. N. 5705 Hawaii US 12/26/1989
72 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau kananui, near town of maalehu Roadside weed. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN herbst, d.r. spence, g. collector number: 5752 Molokai BISH 3/11/1976
73 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Makiki, Honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Fosberg, F. R. 27074 Kauai US 9/22/1946
74 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Lyon Arboretum, Honolulu. Makai of Cottage A, near border of Paradise Park porperty Growing with tall grass and weeds. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Baker, R.F. 98 Oahu BISH 4/26/1975
75 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau University of Hawaii campus, Honolulu. Bachman Hall Growing in full sun. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Lau, J. 1190 Oahu BISH 7/7/1985
76 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau W Maui, Wailuku District, along Kahekili Hwy, above Waihee Pt PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wagner, W.L. 5811 Maui BISH 3/4/1988
77 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau W Maui, Wailuku District, along Kahekili Hwy, above Waihe'e Point PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wagner, W. L.; Imada, C. T.; Takeuchi, W. N. 5811 Maui US 3/4/1988
78 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau haiku gardens, kaneohe Abundant. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN higuchi, g.t. collector number: 69 Oahu BISH 5/8/1971
79 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Honolulu, Makiki In garden. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Fosberg, F.R. 27074 Oahu BISH 9/21/1946
80 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau w maui, wailuku district, along kahekili hwy, above waihee pt PRESERVED_SPECIMEN wagner, w.l. imada, c.; takeuchi, w. collector number: 5811 Maui BISH 3/4/1988
81 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau 2266 tantalus drive PRESERVED_SPECIMEN w. teraoka 43 Oahu US 6/22/1979
82 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau 42 Coelho Way, Honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Neal, M.C. s.n. Oahu BISH 6/1/1943
83 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Nene Road, beyond Airport, near coast E of Hilo Very common or abundant in roadside depressions in edges of dense scrub-forest, dominated by Melastoma. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Fosberg, F.R. 55661 Hawaii BISH 3/14/1975
84 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau East Maui, Makawao Parking lot. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wagner, W.L. 5674 Maui BISH 7/12/1986
85 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau lyon arboretum, honolulu. makai of cottage a, near border of paradise park porperty Growing with tall grass and weeds. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN baker, r.f. collector number: 98 Oahu BISH 4/26/1975
86 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Hawaii National Park. Park Cottage 1 PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Fagerlund, G.O. 475 Hawaii BISH 3/19/1943
87 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Puuwaawaa. Near transect T21 Common along access track. In Pennisetum rangeland with scattered dryland relicts. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Takeuchi, W.N. 5705 Hawaii BISH 12/26/1989
88 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Koele Dangerous weed straying along roadside from garden. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 28556 Lanai BISH 8/15/1963
89 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Jct. of Hwy 11 and road to Pahala PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wagner, W.L. 5229 Hawaii BISH 1/16/1984
90 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Honolulu: Manoa Valley; University of Hawaii Manoa Campus PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Krajina, V.J. s.n. Oahu BISH 4/9/1962
91 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Kananui [sp?], near town of Maalehu Roadside weed. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D.R. 5752 Molokai BISH 3/11/1976
92 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau manmade sand dunes near waikea golf course, leeward side Near a golf course. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN corn, c. collector number: s.n. Kauai BISH 9/24/1977
93 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau Honolulu: Makiki; 2266 Tantalus Drive Roadside weed. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Teraoka, W. 43 Oahu BISH 6/22/1979
94 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau hanalei district, land of kilauea, kilauea town PRESERVED_SPECIMEN herbst, d.r. ishikawa, s. collector number: 5693 Kauai BISH 2/26/1976
95 Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau east maui, makawao Parking lot. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN wagner, w.l. mill, s.w.; hobdy, r.; hobdy, b.; hobdy, n.; smith, k. collector number: 5674 Maui BISH 7/12/1986
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